综述Overview

Academic autonomy refers to the degree to which a university or research institution frees itself from excessive dependence on external evaluation systems (international rankings, publication metrics, "titles" and the like) and achieves independent innovation across discipline layout, research funding, academic evaluation, talent cultivation, and research output. Independent innovation is the core driver of building a world-leading science and technology power, and "high-level self-reliance and self-strengthening in science and technology" is a national strategic requirement; "breaking the five over-emphases" (over-emphasis on papers, titles, professional ranks, degrees, and awards) is the clear direction of China's education evaluation reform. Academic autonomy is precisely the key yardstick for measuring how far an institution has moved beyond being "captive to evaluation" and toward "leading through autonomy".

学术自主性，是指一所高校或科研机构在学科布局、科研经费、学术评价、人才培养与成果产出上，摆脱对外部评价体系（国际榜单、论文指标、"帽子"头衔等）过度依赖、实现自主创新的程度。自主创新是建设世界科技强国的核心动力，"高水平科技自立自强"是国家战略要求；"破五唯"（唯论文、唯帽子、唯职称、唯学历、唯奖项）则是我国教育评价改革的明确方向。学术自主性正是衡量一个机构在多大程度上走出了"被评价裹挟"、走向"自主引领"的关键标尺。

This index characterizes the degree of academic autonomy across five dimensions: independent basic-discipline layout—whether the institution independently builds its basic-discipline system in mathematics, physics, chemistry, life sciences and the like, laying the source capability for "0-to-1" breakthroughs; research funding autonomy—the degree of dependence of research funding on overseas and external sources, and the share of domestic autonomous funding and systematic guarantees; academic evaluation autonomy—whether it establishes an internal evaluation mechanism oriented toward original contribution rather than papers and titles; talent cultivation autonomy—whether it cultivates talent independently through an integrated bachelor-master-doctor pipeline and reduces dependence on external degrees; and original achievements—whether it produces original, leading achievements with independent intellectual property rights. The five dimensions are weighted and summed to form the Academic Autonomy Index.

本指数从五个维度刻画学术自主程度：基础学科自主布局——是否自主构建数学、物理、化学、生命等基础学科体系，奠定"从 0 到 1"的源头能力；科研经费自主——科研经费对境外与外部来源的依赖程度，国内自主经费与体系化保障的比重；学术评价自主——是否建立以原创贡献为导向、不唯论文帽子的内部评价机制；人才培养自主——是否自主培养、本硕博贯通，减少对外部学位的依赖；原创性成果——是否产出具有自主知识产权的原创性、引领性成果。五维加权求和，形成学术自主性指数。

Evaluation results: University of Science and Technology of China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, National University of Defense Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, and Peking University rank in the top five. Overall, institutions with solid basic disciplines, well-developed independent cultivation systems, and outstanding original achievements rank highest; national-defense and basic-research institutions with fully autonomous research funding and evaluation systems also perform prominently. This ranking is based mainly on approximate values from public common knowledge, marked "subject to official sources", permanently free and public, and is provided for research and reference only.

评价结果：中国科学技术大学、中国科学院大学、国防科技大学、哈尔滨工业大学、北京大学位列前五。整体看，基础学科扎实、自主培养体系完善、原创成果突出的机构居前；科研经费与评价体系完全自主的国防军工与基础研究类机构亦表现突出。本排名以公开常识近似值为主、标注"以官方为准"，永久免费公开，仅供研究与参考。

52 家高校与科研机构学术自主性排名Academic Autonomy Ranking of 52 Universities and Research Institutions

排名

机构

学术自主性指数

基础学科自主布局

科研经费自主

学术评价自主

人才培养自主

原创性成果

梯队

中国科学技术大学University of Science and Technology of China

92.6

A++

中国科学院大学University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

92.55

A++

国防科技大学National University of Defense Technology

92.1

100

A++

哈尔滨工业大学Harbin Institute of Technology

89.6

A+

北京大学Peking University

89.55

A+

清华大学Tsinghua University

88.8

A+

南京大学Nanjing University

87.75

A+

西北工业大学Northwestern Polytechnical University

87.65

A+

北京航空航天大学Beihang University

86.0

A+

浙江大学Zhejiang University

85.7

A+

复旦大学Fudan University

85.65

西安交通大学Xi'an Jiaotong University

85.35

北京理工大学Beijing Institute of Technology

84.8

上海交通大学Shanghai Jiao Tong University

84.6

兰州大学Lanzhou University

84.0

南开大学Nankai University

82.8

华中科技大学Huazhong University of Science and Technology

82.6

武汉大学Wuhan University

82.6

电子科技大学University of Electronic Science and Technology of China

81.3

中山大学Sun Yat-sen University

80.7

北京师范大学Beijing Normal University

80.4

信息工程大学Information Engineering University

80.4

山东大学Shandong University

80.35

四川大学Sichuan University

80.25

同济大学Tongji University

79.7

吉林大学Jilin University

79.15

南方科技大学Southern University of Science and Technology

79.0

东南大学Southeast University

78.85

空军工程大学Air Force Engineering University

78.85

天津大学Tianjin University

78.7

火箭军工程大学Rocket Force University of Engineering

78.45

厦门大学Xiamen University

78.4

华东师范大学East China Normal University

78.2

陆军军医大学Army Medical University

77.7

中南大学Central South University

77.4

湖南大学Hunan University

77.3

大连理工大学Dalian University of Technology

77.0

中国农业大学China Agricultural University

76.85

中国人民大学Renmin University of China

76.8

重庆大学Chongqing University

75.85

华南理工大学South China University of Technology

75.6

东北大学Northeastern University

75.4

中国医学科学院（协和）Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College

74.6

中国社会科学院大学University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

72.6

中国地质大学China University of Geosciences

72.55

郑州大学Zhengzhou University

72.4

云南大学Yunnan University

72.35

中国海洋大学Ocean University of China

71.85

中国石油大学China University of Petroleum

71.55

中国矿业大学China University of Mining and Technology

71.0

西北农林科技大学Northwest A&F University

70.65

新疆大学Xinjiang University

70.6

算法详细论述Methodology

一、学术自主性的内涵与理论依据

Academic autonomy is not "insularity" but "remaining autonomous while staying open": it absorbs all outstanding achievements of humankind while refusing to let external evaluation systems dictate its discipline direction, research paradigm, and talent standards. Its theoretical foundations include:

学术自主性不是"封闭"，而是"在开放中保持自主"：吸收人类一切优秀成果，却不让外部评价体系左右自身的学科方向、研究范式与人才标准。其理论依据包括：

自主创新理论：熊彼特《经济发展理论》提出创新是经济发展的根本动力；我国在引进、消化、吸收的基础上提出"自主创新"，强调关键核心技术必须自主可控、买不来、要不来。
高水平科技自立自强：坚持科技自立自强，强化国家战略科技力量，是新发展阶段科技工作的主线——为"科研经费自主""原创性成果"维度提供依据。
《深化新时代教育评价改革总体方案》：明确"破五唯"，扭转不科学的教育评价导向，树立以立德树人、原创贡献为核心的评价观——直接为"学术评价自主"维度提供依据。
基础研究十年规划与"源头供给"：加强基础学科布局、提升原始创新能力，为"基础学科自主布局"维度提供依据。
人才自主培养战略：加快培养国家急需的创新型人才、完善自主培养体系、减少关键领域对外部学位的依赖——为"人才培养自主"维度提供依据。

二、模型的数学结构

This index adopts a weighted-sum model. All five indicators are scored on a unified 0-100 scale (approximate values from public common knowledge) and combined linearly by weight:

本指数采用加权求和模型。五项指标均在 0-100 统一量纲上打分（公开常识近似值），按权重线性加权：

学术自主性指数 = 0.20·基础学科自主布局 + 0.20·科研经费自主 + 0.25·学术评价自主 + 0.20·人才培养自主 + 0.15·原创性成果

The weights sum to 1.0, so the result still falls within the 0-100 range, facilitating horizontal comparison and tier division. "Academic evaluation autonomy" carries the highest weight (0.25), because "not over-emphasizing papers or titles" is the most essential feature distinguishing academic autonomy from ordinary research strength; "independent basic-discipline layout", "research funding autonomy", and "talent cultivation autonomy" each account for 0.20, forming the three pillars of autonomous capability; "original achievements" accounts for 0.15, serving as the final output test of autonomous capability.

权重之和为 1.0，结果仍落在 0-100 区间，便于横向比较与梯队划分。"学术评价自主"权重最高（0.25），因为"不唯论文、不唯帽子"正是"学术自主"区别于一般科研实力的最本质特征；"基础学科自主布局""科研经费自主""人才培养自主"各占 0.20，构成自主能力的三大支柱；"原创性成果"占 0.15，作为自主能力的最终产出检验。

三、指标与权重依据

指标	方向	权重	依据
基础学科自主布局	正向	0.20	自主创新源头供给；基础研究十年规划
科研经费自主	正向	0.20	关键核心技术自主可控；减少外部经费依赖
学术评价自主	正向	0.25	《深化新时代教育评价改革总体方案》之"破五唯"
人才培养自主	正向	0.20	人才自主培养战略；本硕博贯通体系
原创性成果	正向	0.15	自主知识产权成果；原始创新产出

四、评价口径说明

All indicators are scored by approximate values from public common knowledge on a unified 0-100 scale: research funding autonomy is based on the share of domestic autonomous investment and systematic guarantees within research funding, with national-defense and major basic-research institutions whose funding systems are fully autonomous scoring higher accordingly; academic evaluation autonomy is based on the depth of an institution's practice in the "breaking the five over-emphases" reform (whether it has established original-contribution-oriented classified evaluation, representative-work evaluation, long-cycle evaluation, and so on); talent cultivation autonomy is based on the completeness of the independent cultivation system (an integrated bachelor-master-doctor pipeline, discipline layout for nationally urgent needs, and autonomous supply capacity in key fields). The scoring does not target any single institution but only reflects the observable tendency of autonomy in public information, with specific values subject to official sources.

各项指标采用公开常识近似打分，统一 0-100 量纲：科研经费自主以科研经费中国内自主投入与体系化保障的占比为依据，国防军工、重大基础研究类机构经费体系完全自主，相应得分较高；学术评价自主依据机构在"破五唯"改革中的实践深度（是否建立以原创贡献为导向的分类评价、代表作评价、长周期评价等）；人才培养自主依据自主培养体系完整度（本硕博贯通、国家急需学科布局、关键领域自主供给能力）。打分不针对任何单一机构，仅反映公开信息可观察的自主程度倾向，具体数值以官方为准。

五、数据来源与局限性

The five indicators of this index are all scored based on approximate values from public common knowledge, marked "subject to official sources"; they do not rely on the internal data of any single institution, nor do they evaluate the behavior of any specific institution by name. Because "academic autonomy" contains qualitative elements, approximate scoring inevitably involves subjective error, and it is difficult to fully quantify implicit autonomous capabilities (such as research culture and academic climate). The ranking is for research and reference only and does not constitute an official evaluation of any institution.

本指数的五项指标均基于公开常识近似值打分，标注"以官方为准"；不依赖任何单一机构的内部数据，也不点名评价任何具体机构的行为。由于"学术自主性"存在定性成分，近似打分难免存在主观误差，且难以完全量化隐性自主能力（如科研文化、学术风气），排名仅供研究与参考，不构成对任何机构的官方评价。

六、参考文献

熊彼特（Joseph A. Schumpeter）：《经济发展理论》（创新理论）。
中共中央、国务院：《深化新时代教育评价改革总体方案》（2020，破"五唯"）。
国务院：《国家创新驱动发展战略纲要》（2016）。
中共中央、国务院：《关于完善科技成果评价机制的指导意见》（2021）。
科技部等：《基础研究十年行动方案》及加强基础研究、提升原始创新能力相关部署。
教育部等：《关于加快新时代研究生教育改革发展的意见》及人才自主培养质量提升相关文件。
"高水平科技自立自强"相关论述（党的二十大报告）。
国家统计局、教育部：年度科技与教育统计公开数据（经费、学科、学位授予等，公开常识近似）。

说明Notes

本版采用五维加权求和模型：学术自主性指数 = 0.20·基础学科自主布局 + 0.20·科研经费自主 + 0.25·学术评价自主 + 0.20·人才培养自主 + 0.15·原创性成果，权重之和为 1.0。五维分别对应：自主构建基础学科体系、减少外部经费依赖、建立"不唯论文帽子"的内部评价机制、自主培养本硕博人才、产出自主知识产权原创成果。"学术评价自主"权重最高，体现"破五唯"这一学术自主的核心内涵。五项指标均为公开常识近似值（0-100 量纲），标注"以官方为准"；排名永久免费公开、永不卖榜，仅供研究与参考。
This edition uses a five-dimensional weighted-summation model: Academic Autonomy Index = 0.20·independent basic-discipline layout + 0.20·research-funding autonomy + 0.25·academic-evaluation autonomy + 0.20·talent-cultivation autonomy + 0.15·original achievements, with weights summing to 1.0. The five dimensions correspond respectively to: independently building a basic-discipline system, reducing dependence on external funding, establishing an internal evaluation mechanism that does not solely reward 'papers and titles,' independently cultivating undergraduate-to-doctoral talent, and producing original achievements with independent intellectual property. 'Academic-evaluation autonomy' carries the highest weight, reflecting the core of academic autonomy in breaking the 'five sole criteria.' All five indicators are public approximate values (on a 0–100 scale) marked 'subject to official figures'; the ranking is permanently free and public, never sells rankings, and is for research and reference only.

学术自主性Academic Autonomy