综述Overview

The business environment is the sum of the institutional transaction conditions that business entities face across their entire life cycle—starting, operating, paying taxes, financing, and exiting—and is a core indicator of a region's economic vitality, market efficiency, and long-term development potential. Since 2004, the World Bank has published the "Doing Business" report, using ten indicators—starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts, and resolving insolvency—to measure the ease of doing business in each country, scored uniformly by the "Distance to Frontier Score"; China's rank in this system rose steadily from 91st in 2005 to 31st in 2020, a direct testament to its "streamlining administration, delegating power and improving services" reform and commercial-system reform.

营商环境，是经营主体在开办、经营、纳税、融资、退出等全生命周期中所面临的制度性交易条件的总和，是衡量一个地区经济活力、市场效率与长期发展潜力的核心指标。世界银行自 2004 年起发布《营商环境报告》（Doing Business），以"开办企业、办理施工许可、获得电力、登记财产、获得信贷、保护中小投资者、纳税、跨境贸易、执行合同、办理破产"十大指标衡量各国营商便利度，并以"前沿距离分数"（Distance to Frontier Score）统一评分；中国在该体系中的排名由 2005 年的第 91 位持续跃升至 2020 年的第 31 位，是"放管服"改革与商事制度改革的直观印证。

Theoretically, the business-environment problem is fundamentally an institutional-economics problem: in "The Nature of the Firm", Coase points out that the meaning of a firm's existence lies in reducing market transaction costs; in "Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance", North argues that "institutions are the fundamental factor determining long-term economic performance"; in "The Mystery of Capital", de Soto reveals that property-rights protection and the rule of law are the prerequisites for capital accumulation and for the "capitalization" of the poor's assets. A good business environment continuously unleashes the vitality of micro entities by lowering transaction costs, stabilizing expectations, and protecting property rights.

从理论看，营商环境问题本质是制度经济学问题：科斯在《企业的性质》中指出企业存在的意义在于降低市场交易成本；诺斯在《制度、制度变迁与经济绩效》中论证"制度是决定经济长期绩效的根本因素"；德·索托在《资本的秘密》中揭示，产权保护与法治是资本得以积累、穷人资产得以"资本化"的前提。好的营商环境通过降低交易成本、稳定预期、保护产权，持续释放微观主体的活力。

This index draws on the indicator framework and frontier-distance scoring approach of the World Bank's Doing Business, and, combined with China's realities, summarizes the business environment into seven dimensions—government-service efficiency, rule-of-law environment, market access, financing convenience, tax-and-fee burden, degree of marketization, and infrastructure—using a weighted-sum model to evaluate 50 major cities nationwide. Evaluation results: Shenzhen, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Beijing, and Guangzhou rank in the top five. Overall, coastal open cities with a high degree of marketization and leading government-service efficiency and rule-of-law environment rank highest, while central-western and northeastern cities rank relatively lower because of weaker financing and infrastructure. This ranking is based on public common knowledge and approximate values from public evaluations (marked "subject to official sources"), permanently free and public, and provided for research and reference only.

本指数借鉴世界银行 Doing Business 的指标框架与前沿距离评分思路，结合中国实际，将营商环境归纳为政务效率、法治环境、市场准入、融资便利、税费负担、市场化程度、基础设施七个维度，采用加权求和模型对全国 50 个主要城市进行评价。评价结果：深圳、上海、杭州、北京、广州位列前五。整体看，市场化程度高、政务效率与法治环境领先的沿海开放城市居前；中西部及东北城市因融资与基础设施偏弱而相对靠后。本排名数据以公开评价的公开常识与近似值为基础（标注"以官方为准"），永久免费公开，仅供研究与参考。

分层梯队Tiers

A++ 前三Top 3 A+ 四至十4th–10th A 十一至二十11th–20th B 其余Rest

50 城营商环境指数排名Business Environment Index Ranking of 50 Cities

排名	城市	省份	营商环境指数	政务效率	法治环境	市场化程度	基础设施	梯队
1	深圳Shenzhen	广东	93.05	95	90	96	95	A++
2	上海Shanghai	上海	90.9	90	90	92	96	A++
3	杭州Hangzhou	浙江	89.85	92	88	92	93	A++
4	北京Beijing	北京	88.6	88	92	88	95	A+
5	广州Guangzhou	广东	88.3	88	88	90	94	A+
6	苏州Suzhou	江苏	87.35	88	84	90	93	A+
7	南京Nanjing	江苏	87.15	88	86	88	93	A+
8	厦门Xiamen	福建	84.6	84	82	86	90	A+
9	宁波Ningbo	浙江	84.6	84	82	86	90	A+
10	无锡Wuxi	江苏	84.4	84	82	86	92	A+
11	成都Chengdu	四川	83.6	84	82	84	90	A
12	佛山Foshan	广东	83.6	82	80	86	92	A
13	东莞Dongguan	广东	82.9	82	78	86	92	A
14	珠海Zhuhai	广东	82.9	82	80	84	90	A
15	青岛Qingdao	山东	82.4	82	80	82	90	A
16	常州Changzhou	江苏	82.4	82	80	84	90	A
17	嘉兴Jiaxing	浙江	82.4	82	80	84	90	A
18	绍兴Shaoxing	浙江	82.4	82	80	84	90	A
19	武汉Wuhan	湖北	82.1	82	80	82	90	A
20	长沙Changsha	湖南	81.8	82	80	82	88	A
21	温州Wenzhou	浙江	81.5	80	78	86	88	B
22	泉州Quanzhou	福建	81.3	80	78	86	88	B
23	中山Zhongshan	广东	81.1	80	78	84	90	B
24	天津Tianjin	天津	80.9	78	80	80	90	B
25	南通Nantong	江苏	80.9	80	78	82	90	B
26	台州Taizhou	浙江	80.8	80	78	84	88	B
27	合肥Hefei	安徽	80.7	82	78	80	88	B
28	福州Fuzhou	福建	80.6	80	78	82	88	B
29	济南Jinan	山东	80.5	80	80	80	88	B
30	郑州Zhengzhou	河南	80.3	80	78	80	88	B
31	重庆Chongqing	重庆	80.05	80	78	78	85	B
32	西安Xi'an	陕西	79.2	78	78	78	86	B
33	大连Dalian	辽宁	79.0	76	78	78	88	B
34	海口Haikou	海南	78.4	76	76	78	82	B
35	徐州Xuzhou	江苏	77.5	76	76	78	86	B
36	沈阳Shenyang	辽宁	76.7	74	76	74	86	B
37	石家庄Shijiazhuang	河北	76.2	74	74	76	86	B
38	南昌Nanchang	江西	76.05	74	74	76	85	B
39	昆明Kunming	云南	74.1	72	72	74	82	B
40	贵阳Guiyang	贵州	73.8	74	70	72	82	B
41	南宁Nanning	广西	73.5	72	70	72	82	B
42	长春Changchun	吉林	73.4	70	72	72	84	B
43	哈尔滨Harbin	黑龙江	72.6	68	72	70	84	B
44	太原Taiyuan	山西	72.5	70	70	70	84	B
45	呼和浩特Hohhot	内蒙古	71.1	68	68	70	82	B
46	兰州Lanzhou	甘肃	70.2	68	68	68	80	B
47	银川Yinchuan	宁夏	68.9	66	66	66	80	B
48	西宁Xining	青海	68.6	66	66	66	78	B
49	乌鲁木齐Urumqi	新疆	67.7	66	64	66	78	B
50	拉萨Lhasa	西藏	62.7	60	62	60	62	B

算法详细论述Methodology

一、营商环境的概念与理论依据

This algorithm does not narrow "business environment" to investment-attraction policies; rather, it understands it as the sum of institutional transaction conditions, with its theoretical foundation in institutional economics:

本算法不将"营商环境"窄化为招商引资政策，而是将其理解为制度性交易条件的总和，其理论根基来自制度经济学：

科斯（R. Coase）《企业的性质》《社会成本问题》：交易成本的存在决定了企业的边界与市场运行效率；降低交易成本的制度安排能显著提升资源配置效率——为"政务效率""市场准入"提供依据。
诺斯（D. North）《制度、制度变迁与经济绩效》：制度是决定经济长期绩效的根本因素，明晰产权与可信承诺是增长的前提——为"法治环境"提供依据。
德·索托（H. de Soto）《资本的秘密》：产权登记与司法保护使"沉睡资产"转化为可抵押、可交易的资本——为"法治环境""融资便利"提供依据。
世界银行《营商环境报告》（Doing Business）：以十大指标与前沿距离分数量化各国营商便利度——为本指数的指标框架与评分方法提供直接参照。
世界银行 Business Ready（B-Ready）：2021 年 Doing Business 因数据问题停更后，2023 年推出的新评估体系，以"监管框架 + 公共服务 + 效率"三维审视营商环境——为指标体系完善提供前瞻参照。
樊纲、王小鲁等《中国分省市场化指数报告》：以政府与市场关系、非国有经济、产品与要素市场发育、市场中介与法治环境等维度量化各省市场化进程——为"市场化程度""法治环境"提供中国本土依据。
国务院《优化营商环境条例》（2020）：将营商环境界定为"企业等市场主体在市场经济活动中所涉及的体制机制性因素和条件"——为指标的本土化定义提供法规依据。

二、模型的数学结构

This index adopts a weighted-sum model (linear weighting): each indicator is first scored on a 0–100 scale (the higher the better), and then weighted and summed by weight:

本指数采用加权求和模型（线性加权），各指标先行按百分制评分（0–100，分值越高越好），再按权重加权求和：

营商环境指数 = Σ w_i · x_i

Here x_i is the hundred-point score of the i-th indicator, and w_i is the corresponding weight (weights summing to 1), namely:

其中 x_i 为第 i 项指标的百分制得分，w_i 为对应权重（权重之和为 1），即：

指数 = 0.20·政务效率 + 0.20·法治环境 + 0.15·市场准入 + 0.10·融资便利 + 0.10·税费负担 + 0.10·市场化程度 + 0.15·基础设施

A weighted sum rather than a more complex nonlinear combination is chosen because the dimensions of the business environment are "mutually compensatory"—a shortcoming in government-service efficiency can be partly offset by strengths in the rule-of-law environment or infrastructure, rather than a "shortboard equals zero" multiplicative relationship as with health factors. This treatment is also consistent with the World Bank Doing Business's approach of arithmetically averaging the scores of its indicators.

选择加权求和而非更复杂的非线性组合，是因为营商环境的各维度之间是"可互补"关系——政务效率的短板可由法治环境或基础设施的强项部分补偿，而非像健康要素那样存在"短板即归零"的乘法关系。这一处理也与世界银行 Doing Business 将各指标得分算术平均的思路一致。

三、指标体系与权重依据

指标	方向	权重	对应世界银行指标	依据
政务效率	正向	0.20	开办企业、办理施工许可、获得电力	审批便利度与办事效率，直接决定市场进入的交易成本
法治环境	正向	0.20	执行合同、办理破产、保护中小投资者	产权保护与合同执行，是投资信心与长期预期的基石
市场准入	正向	0.15	开办企业、跨境贸易	市场开放程度，决定竞争与资源配置效率
融资便利	正向	0.10	获得信贷	信贷可及性，影响企业特别是中小微企业的成长
税费负担	反向	0.10	纳税	税费负担越轻、征管越规范，企业留存与再投资能力越强
市场化程度	正向	0.10	——（市场化指数）	非公有制经济活跃度与要素市场化配置水平
基础设施	正向	0.15	获得电力、物流	电力、交通、信息网络等硬环境支撑生产经营

Weight-setting notes: the World Bank's Doing Business equally weights its ten indicators; after summarizing them into seven dimensions, this index re-assigns weights according to the magnitude of each dimension's actual impact on micro business entities—government-service efficiency and the rule-of-law environment form the core of the institutional "soft environment", at 20% each; market access and infrastructure concern entry thresholds and operational guarantees, at 15% each; financing convenience, tax-and-fee burden, and degree of marketization are 10% each. The weights sum to 1, and the model is transparent and reproducible.

权重设定说明：世界银行 Doing Business 对十大指标等权平均；本指数将其归纳为七维后，依据各维度对微观经营主体实际影响的大小重新赋权——政务效率与法治环境构成制度"软环境"的核心，各占 20%；市场准入与基础设施关乎进入门槛与运营保障，各占 15%；融资便利、税费负担、市场化程度各占 10%。权重之和为 1，模型透明、可复现。

四、评分方法

Each indicator is scored on a hundred-point scale: taking the relative city rankings revealed by public business-environment evaluations (the World Bank's Doing Business and B-Ready, the Fan Gang–Wang Xiaolu marketization index, the WANB Institute's "China Urban Business Environment Index Report", and others) as the skeleton, and combining public common knowledge (administrative-efficiency reputation, judicial-protection level, private-economy activity, traffic and power-grid density, etc.), the approximate score of each city on each dimension is determined. A higher score represents better performance in that dimension, with the "tax-and-fee burden" dimension already oriented so that "the lighter the burden, the higher the score".

每个指标采用百分制评分：以公开的营商环境评价（世界银行 Doing Business 及 B-Ready、樊纲王小鲁市场化指数、万博新经济研究院《中国城市营商环境指数报告》等）所揭示的城市相对位次为骨架，结合公开常识（行政效率口碑、司法保障水平、民营经济活跃度、交通电力网络密度等）确定各城市在各维度的近似分值。分值越高代表该维度表现越好，其中"税费负担"维度已按"负担越轻分值越高"的方向化处理。

It should be noted that, since China lacks a unified official business-environment score at the city level, the scores of this index are "approximate scores referenced to public evaluations" rather than official statistics, and are for research and reference only.

需要说明的是：由于中国城市层面缺乏统一的官方营商环境评分，本指数的分值属于"以公开评价为参照的近似评分"，而非官方统计数，仅供研究与参考。

五、数据来源与局限性

The data for this index mainly come from the following public evaluations and public knowledge: the World Bank's "Doing Business" report (2004–2020) and its new Business Ready (B-Ready) system; the "Report on the Marketization Index of China's Provinces" by Fan Gang, Wang Xiaolu and others; the WANB Institute's "China Urban Business Environment Index Report"; the State Council's "Regulations on Optimizing the Business Environment" and public information on the "streamlining administration, delegating power and improving services" reform; as well as public common knowledge on each city's administrative efficiency, judicial protection, private economy, and traffic and power-grid networks. Because city-level business-environment data are difficult to obtain precisely, each indicator's score is an approximate value marked "subject to official sources". This model does not include implicit costs that are difficult to quantify (such as relational social capital and informal rules), and the approximate values contain errors; the ranking is for research and reference only.

本指数数据主要来自以下公开评价与公开知识：世界银行《营商环境报告》（Doing Business，2004–2020）及其 Business Ready（B-Ready）新体系；樊纲、王小鲁等《中国分省市场化指数报告》；万博新经济研究院《中国城市营商环境指数报告》；国务院《优化营商环境条例》及"放管服"改革公开信息；以及各城市行政效率、司法保障、民营经济、交通电力网络的公开常识。由于城市层面营商环境数据难以精确获取，各指标分值为近似值，标注"以官方为准"。本模型不包含难以量化的隐性成本（如关系型社会资本、非正式规则），且近似值存在误差，排名仅供研究与参考。

六、参考文献

科斯（R. H. Coase）：《企业的性质》（The Nature of the Firm，1937）、《社会成本问题》（The Problem of Social Cost，1960）。
诺斯（D. C. North）：《制度、制度变迁与经济绩效》（Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance，1990）。
德·索托（H. de Soto）：《资本的秘密》（The Mystery of Capital，2000）。
世界银行：《营商环境报告》（Doing Business，2004–2020），Doing Business 项目组。
世界银行：Business Ready（B-Ready）营商环境新评估体系（2023 起）。
樊纲、王小鲁、胡李鹏等：《中国分省市场化指数报告》，国民经济研究所。
万博新经济研究院：《中国城市营商环境指数报告》。
国务院：《优化营商环境条例》（2019 年 10 月公布，2020 年 1 月 1 日起施行）。
国家统计局：年度国民经济与社会发展统计公报（基础设施、能源、交通等）。

说明Notes

本版采用七维加权求和模型：营商环境指数 = 0.20·政务效率 + 0.20·法治环境 + 0.15·市场准入 + 0.10·融资便利 + 0.10·税费负担(轻) + 0.10·市场化程度 + 0.15·基础设施。各指标按百分制评分（分值越高越好，税费负担已按"越轻越好"方向化处理），权重之和为 1，模型透明可复现。指标框架参照世界银行《营商环境报告》（Doing Business）十大指标与前沿距离评分思路，并参考樊纲王小鲁市场化指数、万博新经济研究院城市营商环境报告等公开评价。数据为公开评价参照下的近似评分（城市层面缺乏统一官方评分），标注"以官方为准"，仅供研究与参考。
This edition adopts a seven-dimension weighted-sum model: business environment index = 0.20·government efficiency + 0.20·rule-of-law environment + 0.15·market access + 0.10·financing convenience + 0.10·tax burden (lighter) + 0.10·marketization degree + 0.15·infrastructure. Each indicator is scored on a 100-point scale (higher is better; tax burden has been processed in the "lighter is better" direction), the weights sum to 1, and the model is transparent and reproducible. The indicator framework references the World Bank's "Doing Business" ten indicators and frontier-distance scoring approach, and draws on public evaluations such as the Fan Gang–Wang Xiaolu marketization index and the Wanbo New Economy Research Institute's urban business environment reports. Data are approximate scores under public-evaluation references (there is no unified official score at the city level), marked "subject to official figures", for research and reference only.

中国城市营商环境指数Business Environment