综述Overview

Global competitiveness is a comprehensive capability of an economy to continuously create wealth, improve national well-being, and participate in the international division of labor. The international community has developed several classic frameworks for it: the World Economic Forum (WEF)'s Global Competitiveness Report measures it through twelve pillars including institutions, infrastructure, the macroeconomy, and health and skills; the World Competitiveness Yearbook of the Swiss-based International Institute for Management Development (IMD) evaluates it through four broad categories of economic performance, government efficiency, business efficiency, and infrastructure, comprising about three hundred indicators; and the "Diamond Model" of Harvard Business School's Michael Porter explains national competitive advantage through four factors: factor conditions, demand conditions, related and supporting industries, and firm strategy, structure, and rivalry.

全球竞争力是衡量一个经济体持续创造财富、提升国民福祉并参与国际分工的综合能力。国际社会对此有诸多经典框架：世界经济论坛（WEF）的《全球竞争力报告》以制度、基础设施、宏观经济、健康与技能等十二支柱测度；瑞士洛桑国际管理发展学院（IMD）的《世界竞争力年鉴》以经济表现、政府效率、企业效率与基础设施四大类约三百余项指标评价；哈佛商学院波特（Michael Porter）的"钻石模型"则以要素条件、需求条件、相关支持产业与战略结构竞争四大要素解释国家竞争优势。

CPPPS does not directly reproduce the rankings of the above institutions; instead, it uses its own algorithm and computes rankings from underlying public data. We have constructed a four-dimensional framework of "Scale + Quality + Innovation + Contribution" covering 30 major economies. Among them, "Contribution" is a distinctive CPPPS dimension—it measures an economy's actual supply capacity to the global supply chain (centered on the scale of manufacturing exports), which is precisely the perspective that international rankings generally lack yet best reflects the weight of the real economy.

CPPPS 不直接转载上述机构的名次，而是采用自有算法，用底层公开数据自算。我们构建"规模 + 质量 + 创新 + 贡献"四维框架，覆盖 30 个主要经济体。其中，"贡献"是 CPPPS 特色维度——衡量一个经济体对全球供应链的实际供给能力（以制造业出口规模为核心），这正是国际榜单普遍缺失、却最能体现实体经济分量的视角。

Evaluation results: China, the United States, Japan, Germany, and South Korea rank in the top five. Overall, countries with large scale and balanced quality and innovation lead the list; the "Contribution" dimension centered on manufacturing exports gives China (whose manufacturing value added and export scale are both the world's largest) substantial support. The data for this ranking are based on public data from international institutions and publicly known approximations, are permanently free and public, and are for research and reference only.

评价结果：中国、美国、日本、德国、韩国位列前五。综合看，规模庞大且质量、创新均衡的国家居前；以制造业出口为核心的"贡献"维度，使中国（制造业增加值与出口规模均为全球第一）获得显著支撑。本排名数据以国际机构公开数据与公开常识近似值为依据，永久免费公开，仅供研究与参考。

30 国全球竞争力排名Global Competitiveness Ranking of 30 Economies

排名

国家/地区

竞争力指数

规模

质量

创新

贡献

GDP(万亿$)

制造业(万亿$)

梯队

中国China

China

88.55

94.8

62.7

97.7

100.0

17.8

4.7

A++

美国United States

United States

88.14

94.3

80.9

98.4

75.2

27.7

2.8

A++

日本Japan

Japan

75.38

60.7

95.2

82.6

63.6

4.2

1.0

A++

德国Germany

Germany

74.14

60.4

90.4

72.1

77.0

4.5

0.9

A+

韩国South Korea

South Korea

63.2

43.1

85.6

69.9

57.0

1.8

0.5

A+

法国France

France

57.27

43.9

79.6

58.3

48.1

3.1

0.3

A+

英国United Kingdom

United Kingdom

55.42

44.6

78.5

55.8

42.3

3.3

0.3

A+

瑞士Switzerland

Switzerland

49.27

20.1

100.0

45.2

34.7

0.9

0.13

A+

意大利Italy

Italy

48.74

41.5

62.9

43.7

48.1

2.2

0.35

A+

荷兰Netherlands

Netherlands

48.17

20.6

87.9

41.5

48.1

1.1

0.11

A+

加拿大Canada

Canada

47.17

34.2

76.1

43.7

34.7

2.2

0.18

新加坡Singapore

Singapore

41.94

7.8

97.5

29.9

38.8

0.5

0.08

西班牙Spain

Spain

40.55

30.5

65.1

34.3

32.9

1.6

0.18

澳大利亚Australia

Australia

39.16

24.7

74.9

38.9

16.5

1.7

0.1

印度India

India

37.54

52.2

3.8

49.9

42.3

3.9

0.5

俄罗斯Russia

Russia

36.35

37.9

46.3

34.3

24.1

2.0

0.28

瑞典Sweden

Sweden

35.5

10.0

77.6

39.3

16.5

0.6

0.08

比利时Belgium

Belgium

34.17

8.5

71.3

27.4

34.7

0.6

0.07

波兰Poland

Poland

29.71

17.8

53.3

20.3

29.9

0.8

0.12

墨西哥Mexico

Mexico

29.7

36.7

24.1

12.1

48.1

1.8

0.28

土耳其Turkey

Turkey

29.12

25.4

33.6

33.1

24.1

1.1

0.17

巴西Brazil

Brazil

26.89

35.4

17.0

31.1

21.3

2.2

0.2

马来西亚Malaysia

Malaysia

22.25

7.6

43.4

12.5

29.9

0.4

0.1

泰国Thailand

Thailand

20.66

14.0

31.5

8.1

32.9

0.5

0.14

沙特阿拉伯Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia

20.01

19.6

35.6

12.5

10.7

1.1

0.1

阿联酋United Arab Emirates

UAE

19.14

4.6

61.0

5.3

5.9

0.5

0.06

印度尼西亚Indonesia

Indonesia

18.4

32.5

7.2

10.3

21.3

1.4

0.25

越南Vietnam

Vietnam

15.39

10.5

9.8

8.1

38.8

0.43

0.12

阿根廷Argentina

Argentina

5.43

4.8

16.0

0.0

0.6

0.05

南非South Africa

South Africa

2.8

0.0

3.5

7.7

0.0

0.4

0.05

算法详细论述Methodology

一、评价依据

This algorithm takes the classic frameworks of national competitiveness theory as reference, but does not copy any published ranking positions; instead, it builds its own indicator system, sets its own weights, and computes the rankings independently:

本算法以国家竞争力理论的经典框架为参照，但不摘抄任何公开榜单名次，而是自建指标体系、自定权重、自算排名：

规模：以名义 GDP 与制造业增加值衡量经济体量——GDP 反映总产出规模，制造业增加值反映实体生产规模，二者互补（服务业主导与制造业主导的经济体各有侧重）。
质量：以基础设施质量与人力资本衡量发展质量——基础设施（交通、能源、数字）是效率的物理底座，人力资本（教育、技能、健康）是效率的智力底座。
创新：以研发总投入与国际 PCT 专利申请量衡量创新能级——投入端看研发经费，产出端看专利，兼顾"砸钱"与"出活"。
贡献：以制造业出口规模衡量全球供应链贡献——这是 CPPPS 特色维度，直接回答"谁在为全球供给实物商品"，避免唯 GDP 论导致"金融虚拟经济高、实体经济空"的失真。

二、数学模型

All indicators are first normalized to [0,1]. For wide-ranging indicators such as scale, innovation, and contribution (where GDP, R&D, patents, and exports can differ by dozens of times), the natural logarithm is taken before min-max standardization, to prevent leading economies from monopolizing the scale:

所有指标先归一化到 [0,1]，规模、创新、贡献等大跨度指标（GDP、研发、专利、出口动辄相差数十倍）先取自然对数再极差标准化，避免头部经济体垄断刻度：

x′ = (x − min) / (max − min)，大跨度指标对 x 先取 ln(x)

The four dimensions are each synthesized and then combined by weighted summation:

四维各自合成后加权求和：

规模 S = 0.50·GDP′ + 0.50·制造业′ 质量 Q = 0.50·基础设施′ + 0.50·人力资本′ 创新 I = 0.50·研发′ + 0.50·专利′ 贡献 C = 供应链出口′ 竞争力 = 100 × (0.30·S + 0.25·Q + 0.25·I + 0.20·C)

Weight setting: Scale, Quality, Innovation, and Contribution account for 30%, 25%, 25%, and 20%, respectively. Scale is the foundation of competitiveness, Quality and Innovation determine its "gold content," and Contribution reflects its "global value."

权重设定：规模、质量、创新、贡献分别占 30%、25%、25%、20%。规模是竞争力的基础盘，质量与创新决定"含金量"，贡献体现"全球价值"。

三、指标与权重依据

维度	指标	方向	处理	权重	依据
规模	名义 GDP	正向	对数	0.30×0.50	总产出规模（WEF/IMD 均含）
规模	制造业增加值	正向	对数	0.30×0.50	实体生产规模
质量	基础设施质量	正向	线性	0.25×0.50	WEF 支柱二；IMD 基础设施
质量	人力资本	正向	线性	0.25×0.50	WEF 支柱四/五；IMD 教育健康
创新	研发总投入	正向	对数	0.25×0.50	WEF 支柱十二；投入端
创新	PCT 专利申请	正向	对数	0.25×0.50	创新产出端
贡献	制造业出口规模	正向	对数	0.20×1.00	CPPPS 特色：全球供应链供给能力

四、数据来源与局限

GDP, manufacturing value added, R&D investment, PCT patent applications, and manufacturing export scale use approximations based on public data from the World Bank, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), and national statistical bulletins; infrastructure quality and human capital are approximate scores synthesized from public research (WEF, the UNDP Human Development Index, etc.), all of which are "publicly known approximations, subject to official data." Limitations: (1) approximations may deviate from actual values; (2) infrastructure and human capital scores are subjective syntheses that cannot be fully objective; (3) soft factors such as institutions and the business environment are not included; (4) using manufacturing exports to measure supply-chain contribution does not fully cover trade in services and the supply of critical resources. The ranking is for research and reference only.

GDP、制造业增加值、研发投入、PCT 专利申请、制造业出口规模采用世界银行、联合国工发组织（UNIDO）、世界知识产权组织（WIPO）、各国统计公报等公开数据的近似值；基础设施质量与人力资本为综合公开研究（WEF、联合国开发计划署人类发展指数等）的近似评分，均为"公开常识近似值，以官方为准"。局限：①近似值与实际存在误差；②基础设施、人力资本评分为主观综合，难以完全客观；③未纳入制度、营商环境等软性因素；④以制造业出口衡量供应链贡献，未完全覆盖服务贸易与关键资源供给。排名仅供研究与参考。

五、参考文献

World Economic Forum：《Global Competitiveness Report》（十二支柱框架）。
IMD：《World Competitiveness Yearbook》（经济表现/政府效率/企业效率/基础设施）。
Porter, M.：《The Competitive Advantage of Nations》（钻石模型）。
World Bank：World Development Indicators（GDP、制造业增加值）。
United Nations Industrial Development Organization（UNIDO）：制造业统计。
World Intellectual Property Organization（WIPO）：PCT 国际专利申请统计。
United Nations Development Programme（UNDP）：Human Development Index（人力资本参照）。
各国/地区统计公报、海关出口统计（制造业出口规模，以官方为准）。

说明Notes

本版采用 CPPPS 自有四维算法（非简单转载国际榜单名次）：①规模 S=0.50·GDP′+0.50·制造业′，GDP、制造业取对数，避免头部垄断刻度；②质量 Q=0.50·基础设施′+0.50·人力资本′（0-100 评分线性归一）；③创新 I=0.50·研发′+0.50·专利′，研发、专利取对数；④贡献 C=制造业出口′，为 CPPPS 特色维度，衡量对全球供应链的实际供给能力（中国制造业增加值与出口规模均为全球第一）。综合竞争力=100×(0.30S+0.25Q+0.25I+0.20C)。数据：GDP、制造业、研发、专利、出口为国际机构公开数据近似值，基础设施与人力资本为综合评分近似值，一律以官方为准。本排名永久免费公开，仅供研究与参考。
This edition adopts the CPPPS proprietary four-dimension algorithm (not a simple reproduction of QS/THE/US News/ARWU rankings): ① Scale S=(log₁₀paper count′+log₁₀student count′)/2, with volume indicators log-transformed to avoid top-tier monopoly; ② Quality Q=0.20·log₁₀highly cited′+0.20·top scholars′+0.35·log₁₀Nobel/Fields′+0.25·academic intensity′, balancing absolute quality and per-paper influence to fairly evaluate small but elite institutions; ③ Innovation I=(research funding′+top-journal original output′)/2, balancing input and output; ④ Contribution C=domestic talent-cultivation contribution′, cultivating talent for one's own country/supporting the country's science and technology industry (CPPPS signature, distinct from the West's focus solely on international papers); ⑤ Composite university index = 100×(0.15S+0.48Q+0.17I+0.20C). Data are public approximate values, subject to official figures. This ranking is permanently free and public, with public algorithm, reproducible, and rankings never sold.

全球竞争力指数Global Competitiveness Index

综述Overview

分层梯队Tiers

30 国全球竞争力排名Global Competitiveness Ranking of 30 Economies

算法详细论述Methodology

一、评价依据

二、数学模型

三、指标与权重依据

四、数据来源与局限

五、参考文献

说明Notes

排名	国家/地区	竞争力指数	规模	质量	创新	贡献	GDP(万亿$)	制造业(万亿$)	梯队
1	中国China China	88.55	94.8	62.7	97.7	100.0	17.8	4.7	A++
2	美国United States United States	88.14	94.3	80.9	98.4	75.2	27.7	2.8	A++
3	日本Japan Japan	75.38	60.7	95.2	82.6	63.6	4.2	1.0	A++
4	德国Germany Germany	74.14	60.4	90.4	72.1	77.0	4.5	0.9	A+
5	韩国South Korea South Korea	63.2	43.1	85.6	69.9	57.0	1.8	0.5	A+
6	法国France France	57.27	43.9	79.6	58.3	48.1	3.1	0.3	A+
7	英国United Kingdom United Kingdom	55.42	44.6	78.5	55.8	42.3	3.3	0.3	A+
8	瑞士Switzerland Switzerland	49.27	20.1	100.0	45.2	34.7	0.9	0.13	A+
9	意大利Italy Italy	48.74	41.5	62.9	43.7	48.1	2.2	0.35	A+
10	荷兰Netherlands Netherlands	48.17	20.6	87.9	41.5	48.1	1.1	0.11	A+
11	加拿大Canada Canada	47.17	34.2	76.1	43.7	34.7	2.2	0.18	A
12	新加坡Singapore Singapore	41.94	7.8	97.5	29.9	38.8	0.5	0.08	A
13	西班牙Spain Spain	40.55	30.5	65.1	34.3	32.9	1.6	0.18	A
14	澳大利亚Australia Australia	39.16	24.7	74.9	38.9	16.5	1.7	0.1	A
15	印度India India	37.54	52.2	3.8	49.9	42.3	3.9	0.5	A
16	俄罗斯Russia Russia	36.35	37.9	46.3	34.3	24.1	2.0	0.28	A
17	瑞典Sweden Sweden	35.5	10.0	77.6	39.3	16.5	0.6	0.08	A
18	比利时Belgium Belgium	34.17	8.5	71.3	27.4	34.7	0.6	0.07	A
19	波兰Poland Poland	29.71	17.8	53.3	20.3	29.9	0.8	0.12	A
20	墨西哥Mexico Mexico	29.7	36.7	24.1	12.1	48.1	1.8	0.28	A
21	土耳其Turkey Turkey	29.12	25.4	33.6	33.1	24.1	1.1	0.17	B
22	巴西Brazil Brazil	26.89	35.4	17.0	31.1	21.3	2.2	0.2	B
23	马来西亚Malaysia Malaysia	22.25	7.6	43.4	12.5	29.9	0.4	0.1	B
24	泰国Thailand Thailand	20.66	14.0	31.5	8.1	32.9	0.5	0.14	B
25	沙特阿拉伯Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia	20.01	19.6	35.6	12.5	10.7	1.1	0.1	B
26	阿联酋United Arab Emirates UAE	19.14	4.6	61.0	5.3	5.9	0.5	0.06	B
27	印度尼西亚Indonesia Indonesia	18.4	32.5	7.2	10.3	21.3	1.4	0.25	B
28	越南Vietnam Vietnam	15.39	10.5	9.8	8.1	38.8	0.43	0.12	B
29	阿根廷Argentina Argentina	5.43	4.8	16.0	0.0	0.0	0.6	0.05	B
30	南非South Africa South Africa	2.8	0.0	3.5	7.7	0.0	0.4	0.05	B